Tom Brannan free essay sample

Extended response The Story of Tom Brannan is a typical teen genre novel, discuss. The Story of Tom Brennan by J. C Burke is a typical teen genre novel. This is depicted through the concept of characters coming of age, themes such as drink driving and relationships and romance which teenagers understand and relate to as well as language techniques such as colloquial language in which the responders use. Burke uses a number of different themes in her novel The Story of Tom Brannan to explore the concept of Teen Genre. In specific, underage drinking is a theme explored through the start of the novel in which majority of teenagers would be able to relate to. To explore the concept of underage drinking Burke uses the celebration of Tom’s footy team making it out of the sudden deaths round. There was alcohol at the party and some were drinking underage. We will write a custom essay sample on Tom Brannan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"Sheridan and Nicole, two girls from my year were screeching songs from The Mikado and were totally pissed. † Underage drinking relates to many teenagers today and would relate to many of the responders of this novel as they would be the same age as Tom or even younger and would be influenced to do it or at least know friends that have been underage drinking. Another theme depicted in Burke’s novel The Story of Tom Brannan to emphasise that it is a teen genre novel is relationships and romance. All throughout the novel the concept of relationships and romance between characters is explored having both gay and straight couples, brake ups and even the concept of cheating is seen in the novel. Of these concepts at least one is going to relate with the responder as they will have been through the same thing and understand what the characters are going through. Relationships and romance is a huge part of Burke’s novel and is how Tom’s problems started and how he overcomes them. For example Daniel had the accident as he was angry Claire broke up with him, although he was drunk the effect that the relationship between him and Claire had and now have really affected Daniel and caused him to have the accident. Tom overcomes his problems by him and Chrissie starting a relationship and him feeling comfortable with her to let her help him and support him, â€Å"that was the morning we swam and loved each other and that was the morning Tom Brennan came back forever. † This quote emphasises that fact that Tom feels like him normal self again thanks to him starting a relationship with Chrissie. Language techniques such as colloquial language are used to emphasize that The Story of Tom Brennan is a teen genre novel. The novel its self is written in first person from Tom’s perspective. Though this the language used by Burke is much simpler, easier to understand and relate to as she has to write is coming from a young teenager’s perspective. Colloquial language is used all throughout the novel The Story of Tom Brennan and helps the responder to relate to the book and to Tom. Tom uses colloquial language when with his friends and uses words that most teenagers use understands and relate to. The use of this language also is used to express and emphasise certain characters emotions. The concept of coming of age is another technique used to show that this novel is a teen genre novel. Burke uses her characters in an important way to explore the concept of coming of age. The personalities and special traits that she gives her characters are important as theses are how they overcome problems and mature. For example Tom becomes mature enough and starts a relationship with Chrissie which helps him overcome his problems and makes him feel like his normal self. In conclusion, the concept of themes such as underage drinking and relationships and romance, as well as the use of language techniques such as colloquial language and characters coming of age are used to depict that the novel The Story of Tom Brennan by J. C Burke is a teen genre novel.

Teamwork and Work Force Diversity Essay Example

Teamwork and Work Force Diversity Essay Example Teamwork and Work Force Diversity Essay Teamwork and Work Force Diversity Essay Would you Identify and describe the various existing types of groups and teams In your organization? How do you identify If these groups or teams are effective as a work group? Explain the meaning of this sentence, All teams are groups, but not all groups are teams. How do you comment to this Speed, Teamwork and Flexibility are the order of the day. How do you manage the On-site-Teams as well as Virtual Teams? How do you address or manage a Self-Managed Work Team? Explain how do you foster teamwork? What is your impression of the importance of teamwork in work setting (restaurant, permanent, fast food chain, etc) What programs/trainings have you established to promote teamwork in your organization. How do you handle work force diversity in the team members composition such as gender, religion, age, culture, disabilities, ethnic groups, etc. What do you do to improve teams processes, communications and decisions? How do you address Inter-Team Competition to make them good and effective In favor a common goal or purpose What are the companys secrets to make employees loyal to the company? What are he common reasons why some employees fail to carry out their tasks? What are the measures you are undertaking? What is the secret behind your companys success? Finally, as a manager, what advice can you give to those aspiring managers? 1 . What is Teamwork to you? 2. What are the activities that you implement to promote Teamwork on your employees? 3. What are the strategies to maintain the bond, relationship, cooperation, and teamwork In your work place? 4. Do opinions, suggestions coming from a member of the team are considered In making decisions? What decision ethos do your organization has? . What kind of workforce diversity do you have? 6. What is the most dominant religion exist in the organization, does the prevailing religion effects the daily organizational activities? 7. What is the composition of your team? Are members come from different departments? 8. Could you cite any team problems in your organization? Do social loafing, lacks of motivation, personality conf licts exist? 9. Could we ask one employee about to whom they always ask for help, and who most often help team, energize and dinnertime them. 10. Give us example when you were part of a team. What was your role in the teamwork? How did you contribute to this task group? How often did you interact with other team members? 1 1 . What nature of task does the teams in a certain department/unit of your company focus on? Technical demands or Social demands? Or both? How? 12. What was your companys way of formulating a team? Give us examples. 13. Have you ever had an experience where there were Issues or strong disagreement among the team members? What did you do? 14. Are there any cases that Teamwork was not improve your teams communications, skills and decisions? 6. How do you handle work force diversity in the team members composition such as gender, culture, age, disabilities,point of views, religions and the like? 17. How do you maintain the loyalty of your employees here in Disarming Water district? 18. Tell us about your experience working with peers. How did it go? Have you ever faced difficulties and disagreements? 19. Have you been a team leader? Describe your role as a team leader. Tell us about the challenges you faced in trying to resolve issues among team embers. What could you have done to be more effective? 20. Does Teamwork exist in a particular department of our company? How? 21 . Is there any problem/ challenges occurring with the working relationships between employees as a team in a specific unit/department? Give us examples. 22. Does feedbacks from your customers can help the teamwork to enhance and develop? 23. How did you cope up with such issues like water shortage specifically here in Disarming? 24. Are there any cases that Teamwork was not practiced by your employees or by the people in your work place? 5. How do you maintain the loyalty of your employees here in Disarming Water district? 26. When having misunderstanding in the team of production or in a certain area of work, how does the team leader fixed the said problem? How does it affect the production of the team? 27. How can we minimize misunderstanding in a team? How can we reduce the argument inside a team? 28. How does teamwork affect the production of the team? 29. What if the leader is the one who started the mess? And supposed to be the leader is the one who should fixed it? What can you do about it? 30. How can a leader make his team work together? How does the leader make the team as a team not Just people who needs to work together but a work as a team? 31 . For you as a manager, What is the secret behind your companys success? 32. How do you balance the roles of each member? Where did you base it? 33. How do you maintain the team dynamics? How will it affect your team performances? 34. Do you think a conflict is necessary to a team? How does it help your teamwork? 35. What are your team building activities that will help your team have rapport with each other?

A Collection of Traditional and Literary Ballad Poems

A Collection of Traditional and Literary Ballad Poems The ballad is at the intersection of poetry and song, from traditional folk ballads crystallizing out of the mists of ancient oral traditions to modern literary ballads in which poets use the old narrative forms to retell traditional legends or to tell stories of their own.   The Evolution of Balladry A ballad is simply a narrative poem or song, and there are many variations on balladry. Traditional folk ballads began with the anonymous wandering minstrels of the Middle Ages, who handed down stories and legends in these poem-songs, using a structure of stanzas and repeated refrains to remember, retell, and embellish local tales. Many of these folk ballads were collected in the 17th and 18th centuries by scholars like Harvard professor Francis James Child and poets like  Robert Burns  and Sir Walter Scott. Two of the ballads in this collection are examples of this type of traditional ballad, anonymous retellings of local legends: the spooky fairy tale â€Å"Tam Lin† and â€Å"Lord Randall,† which reveals the story of a murder in the question-and-answer dialogue between a mother and son. Folk ballads also told love stories both tragic and happy, tales of religion and the supernatural, and recountings of historical events. After the 16th-century invention of inexpensive printing, ballads moved from the oral tradition onto newsprint.  Broadside ballads  were â€Å"poetry as news,† commenting on the events of the day- although many of the older traditional folk ballads were also distributed as broadsides in print. Literary Ballads by Known Poets In the 18th and 19th centuries, Romantic and Victorian poets took hold of this folk-song form and wrote literary ballads, telling their own stories, as Robert Burns did in â€Å"The Lass That Made the Bed to Me† and Christina Rossetti did in â€Å"Maude Clare†- or reimagining old legends, as Alfred, Lord Tennyson did with part of the Arthurian story in â€Å"The Lady of Shalott.† Ballads carry tales of tragic romance (Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"Annabel Lee†), of the honor of warriors (Rudyard Kipling’s â€Å"The Ballad of East and West†), of the despair of poverty (William Butler Yeats’ â€Å"The Ballad of Moll  Magee†), of the secrets of brewing (Robert Louis Stevenson’s â€Å"Heather Ale: A Galloway Legend†), and of conversations across the divide between life and death (Thomas Hardy’s â€Å"Her Immortality†). The ballads combination of narrative propulsion implied melody (ballads are often and very naturally set to music), and archetypal stories are irresistible.    The Varied Structures of Ballads Most ballads are structured in short stanzas, often the quatrain form that has come to be known as â€Å"ballad measure†- alternating lines of  iambic  tetrameter (four stressed beats, da DUM da DUM da DUM da DUM) and iambic trimeter (three stressed beats, da DUM da DUM da DUM), rhyming the second and fourth lines of each stanza. Other ballads combine the four lines into two, forming rhymed couplets of seven-stress lines that are sometimes called â€Å"fourteeners.† But the word â€Å"ballad† refers to a general type of poem, not necessarily a fixed poetic form, and many ballad poems take liberties with the ballad stanza or abandon it altogether. Examples of Ballads In chronological order, some classic ballads are as follows; Anonymous, â€Å"Tam Lin† (traditional folk ballad, written down by James Child in 1729)Anonymous, â€Å"Lord Randall† (traditional ballad published by Sir Walter Scott in 1803)Robert Burns, â€Å"John Barleycorn: A Ballad† (1782)Robert Burns,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Lass That Made the Bed to Me† (1795)Samuel Taylor Coleridge, â€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner† (1798)William Wordsworth, â€Å"Lucy Gray, or Solitude† (1799)John Keats,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"La Belle Dame sans Merci† (1820)Samuel Taylor Coleridge, â€Å"The Ballad of the Dark Ladie† (1834)Alfred, Lord Tennyson, â€Å"The Lady of Shalott† (1842)Edgar Allan Poe, â€Å"Annabel Lee† (1849)Christina Rossetti, â€Å"Maude Clare† (1862)Algernon Charles Swinburne, â€Å"A Ballad of Burdens† (1866)Christina Rossetti,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"A Ballad of Boding† (1881)Rudyard Kipling, â€Å"The Ballad of East and West† (1889)William Butler Yeats, â€Å"The Ballad of M oll Magee† (1889)Robert Louis Stevenson, â€Å"Heather Ale: A Galloway Legend† (1890)Oscar Wilde, â€Å"The Ballad of Reading Gaol† (1898)Thomas Hardy, â€Å"Her Immortality† (1898)William Butler Yeats, â€Å"The Host of the Air† (1899) Ezra Pound, â€Å"Ballad of the Goodly Fere† (1909)

Horizontal and Vertical Financial Analysis - PepsiCo vs Coca-Cola Essay

Horizontal and Vertical Financial Analysis - PepsiCo vs Coca-Cola - Essay Example The structure of this article is framed in such a manner that firstly income statements of both the companies are analyzed on horizontal and then on vertical basis. Next section is based on the analysis of balance sheets for the two companies on horizontal basis and then followed by vertical analysis. The major components of income statements are analyzed for both the companies in respect of cost of goods sold, operating income, income before taxes and finally net income. Cost of sales for PepsiCo is around 43% of the sales whereas the same for Coca-Cola is around 35% of the sales which is substantially lower than that of PepsiCo. In respect of operating profits, Coca-Cola has also an edge over PepsiCo such that its operating income is around 26% of the sales whereas PepsiCo remained behind and has the operating profit of just around 18%. Coca-Cola remained successful in maintaining a healthy position in respect of its income before taxes such that it managed to earn income before ta xes around 28% of the sales whereas PepsiCo hardly managed to earn income before taxes of around hardly 19% of the sales. Net income for Coca-Cola has remained on a stronger side pursuing around 21% of its sales. On the other hand, PepsiCo just managed to earn net income of 13% of its sales in the three years. Following are the attached tables for percentage change on horizontal basis for two companies.... s 19.60 18.95 18.51 Provision for Income Taxes 7.08 4.69 5.28 Income from Continuing Operations 12.52 14.26 13.23 Tax Benefit from Discontinued Operations 0.00 0.13 0.00 Net Income 12.52 14.39 13.23 Coca Cola Inc.                Income Statement    Horizontal Analysis 2005    2004    2003 Net Operating Revenues 100.00 100.00 100.00 Cost of Goods Sold 35.47    35.30    37.28 GROSS PROFIT 64.53 64.70 62.72 Selling, general and administrative expenses 37.82 36.29 34.94 Other operating charges 0.37    2.21    2.75 OPERATING INCOME 26.34 26.21 25.03 Interest income 1.02 0.72 0.84 Interest expense 1.04 0.90 0.85 Equity income — net 2.94 2.86 1.95 Other loss — net (0.40) (0.38) (0.66) Gains on issuances of stock by equity investees 0.10    0.11    0.04 INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES 28.96 28.62 26.35 Income taxes 7.87 6.32 5.50 NET INCOME 21.09    22.29    20.84                   Income Statement Analysis on Vertical Basis In respect of vertical analysis, PepsiCo is found to have earned much more growth as compared to Coca-Cola such that PepsiCo’s revenues increased by 8% and 11% respectively as compared to previous years whereas Coca-Cola’s revenues increased with 4% and 6% during the same periods. Operating profits of PepsiCo increased by around 10% and 12% as compared to previous years, however, only 9% and 7% increase in operating income for Coca-Cola can be observed. Net income of PepsiCo decreased by 3.18% as compared to previous year but Coca-Cola managed to increase its net income by 0.52%. Following tables highlight the comparative vertical analysis for both companies. PepsiCo Inc.       Income Statement    Vertical Analysis 2005 2004 Net Revenue 11.28 8.49 Cost of sales 11.85 8.41 Selling, general and administrative expenses 11.63 8.70 Amortization of intangible

Hormones and Nerve Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Hormones and Nerve Questions - Essay Example But it was proved that epinephrine alone could not cause this transformation to occur. It had to call on the help of a secondary messenger, cyclic AMP, for assistance. Cell membranes consist of lipid chains which makes them hydrophobic or water repelling in nature. Whereas hormones are proteins made of hydrophilic or water loving peptide chains, and they cannot readily pass through the cell membranes. This is where secondary messengers come in. they serve as a messenger between the hormones and the target cell. Secondary messengers are mostly small molecules causing a higher rate of diffusion through the cytoplasm of the cell and a faster rate of information transmission. Secondary messengers also help intensify the strength of a particular signal. Hormones in very small amounts can cause the release of thousands of secondary messengers. This means that the body can save up a lot of energy. It does not need to utilize all its nutritive resources such as proteins in the formation of h ormones, because only tiny quantities of these hormones are needed to get a response from the target cells. Therefore minimum amounts of energy are used by the body to communicate with various cells. Secondary messengers are present in the cytoplasm of cells, thereby controlling the rate of hormones and enzymes utilized by the cells. They could either cause an increase or decrease in the metabolic reactions of the cells. This means that tiny doses of hormones could cause immediate responses as the effects are amplified by the secondary messengers. Secondary messengers are also responsible for signal transduction torrents. Words: 310 NERVE QUESTION Write approximately 800 words on why it is important to understand the structure of nerve cells in order to appreciate their function. Please make sure you cover the generation of an action potential and the transmission of a nerve impulse. It is important to understand the structure of nerve cells, because it is because of their specific structure that they can carry out their important functions. A nerve is a bundle of neurons and a neuron is an individual nerve cell. There are three types of neurons: Sensory neurons Relay neurons Motor neurons These three neurons function together to transmit nerve impulses and each of them have a separate structure which facilitates the entire process. Sensory neuron endings are more concentrated in our sense organs like the retina of the eye, cochlea of the ear, etc. sensory neuron endings receive stimulus from the sense organs and then they pass the nerve impulse immediately to the dendrite which then passes them to the Dendron, which is a single fiber, and then these impulses are brought to the cell body which consists of a nucleus and cytoplasm. Finally these impulses pass through the axon and arrive at the synaptic knob which has several branches. These impulses are somewhat similar to electrical impulses. Sensory neurons are elongated cells consisting of sensory nerve endin gs at one end and synaptic knobs at the other. They are coated with a fatty layer known as the myelin sheath which acts as an electrical insulator so as not to get disturbed with other passing impulses. Gaps in the myelin sheath are known as the nodes of Ranvier, which help speed up the passage of nerve impulses. Relay neurons are smaller cells which act as a link

Competitive Advantage of First Mover and Late Mover

Competitive Advantage of First Mover and Late Mover Abstract Nowadays due to technology advancement, the way of how businesses were conducted has evolved to be more globally attributed and dependable to technological innovation aids. Furthermore, technology could help a firm to be sustained by having competitive advantage, and this especially true in the situation of where firm had the strong dependency towards technology innovation. Technology had becomes more important to specific firm or business when it has the ability to significantly affect their competitive advantage or industry structure. Thus, it is important for firms to choose and execute their strategy systematically to stay competitive and sustainable in the market. In this report, the strategy of how firms enter a new market will be discussed in term of first-mover and late-mover, taking into account on the creation of how a firm could be either first mover or late-mover, the advantage and disadvantage of being first-mover and late mover, and lastly giving conclusion and insight of what strategy could be better to be implemented in particular situation. Discussion will begin with explanations and definition of what constitute first mover and their advantage and disadvantages. In this part, researcher Marvin B. Lieberman and David B. Montgomery, 1988 in their article survey about first-mover advantages were referred. They enlighten that there are 3 ways of how first-mover could achieve their advantages. The first sources of how first-mover competitive advantage could be triggered are (i) technological leadership, (ii) preemption of assets, and (iii) buyer switching cost. Technological leadership will benefit first-mover in term of leadership in innovation, which ensure the sustainability in technology. Being the first in the market, provide sustainable cost advantage could be achieved if learning curve could be maintained exclusively. This due to the unit production of cost will fall with cumulative output as explained in standard learning-curve model. As learning curve could be made exclusively, this could also make advantage to the first-mover by setting up extensive barrier to entry. Moreover, preemption of assets help first-mover to achieve advantage in term of domination of market shares. As first-mover could controlled the market shares earlier, this provide a barrier for late entrants to seize an amount of market shares which dominated by first-mover. First-mover also could gain the advantage by preempting the scarce asset. By having the control over existing and available assets, first-mover could deter rival in scarce assets acquisition. Preemption of location in geographic and product characteristics also could lead to advantage for those firm which is first-mover. Being the first-mover, advantage could be achieved through preemption of locations in geographic by entering most viable and profitable market earlier than the rivals. Thus, by implementing strategic action to secure and dominates the market, late-mover will find it is so difficult and viewed it as unprofitable to enter the market. This consequently could deter the subsequent entrants. Furthermore, Research and Development (RD) and patents also secure the first-mover advantages. By having extensive and effective RD, this could lead to discovery of new technology, which could be patented. Thus, as patents exist, this could serve as trade secrets. By doing business as the first-mover, this also provide head start for them to do research and exploit all possible potentially new technology, hence provide numerous patents to protect them from patent-race by future rivals. Buyer switching cost, affect first-mover firm advantages in term of time and resources which will be spent by late-movers in qualifying as a new supplier. Whenever late-mover settle in within firstly occupied market by those first-mover, late-mover had the obstacle and resistance in order to be familiarized by the customers or buyer. This will drop profit margin hence, increase operating cost. This will bring harm to late-mover as the costs incurred are higher compared to the first-mover. Besides, switching cost could surface due to supplier specific learning by the buyer or customer. In this situation, when customers are familiar enough with one specific supplier, they will embrace the brand, and become loyal. Therefore, it is quit difficult for new entrants or late-entrants to steal that loyal customer or buyer from the first-mover firm. Moreover, research by Tariq Malik, 2012 which study the advantage of first-mover for a firm when doing strategic alliances with host companies has showed that there is significant advantage for the first mover. (Malik, 2012) The result of this study has support the hypothesis which are first-mover firm in forming an international alliance in China would perform better than late-mover. This finding seen consistent with literature by Lieberman and Montgomery, 1988, and this is due to first-mover creating an environment which is disfavor by late-entrants. For example, when the first-mover has established relationship between China (Joseph G. Nellis, 1997)firms, through strategic alliances, first-mover has the advantage as they will know on how to do business with China government, organization and media. Moreover, first mover also had the edge over late-move in acquiring strategic location, hired and training the human resources, locked in strategy partner, and has created many consumer loyalties for its technology, products and services. Another empirical study could be seen in Thomas Cleff et. al research of Are there any first-mover advantages for pioneering firms? Lead market oriented business strategies for environment innovation. In this research, it has been found that a successful innovator is not necessarily become the first but one of the first-movers within the competition of different innovation design. Concluding from this study, there is advantage from being the first-mover, however it is depending on the environmental circumstances. This describe that first-mover has higher risk compared to late-mover. Furthermore, through this research, it also found that first-mover advantages are not available and very risky if in condition where suddenly technology changes abruptly. Moreover, increase in market dynamic increases potential of first-mover, however does not guarantee it. It also could be learned that, in order to achieve first-mover advantage, it has to acquire the ability in developing dominant design , so that can be market leader. Lead-market approach also crucial for the first-mover to compete with late-mover, as late-mover could diffuse faster than expected if first-mover does not take lead-market approach. Lead-market approach also crucial in faster and widespread diffusion of new technology, so that could not be surpassed by late-mover. (Thomas Cleff, 2012). In emerging economy, first-mover also has the ability to expand business without attracting much attention from the incumbents from the domestic firm. First-mover also should have the necessary human capital, physical and monetary resources in order to stay in advantages zone, if do not want to be outperformed by the late-mover. To wrap up, in order for first-mover to maintain its profit and advantages, they should be one step ahead of its competitor, however as consequences this will require a high rate of innovation in term of technical and new product development. (Joseph G. Nellis, 1997) First-mover advantages could be seen in various areas such as technology leadership, the domination of asset, and also the switching cost. However, first-mover also could posses several disadvantages, which indirectly will explain as the late-mover advantages. Disadvantages of being the first-mover in the market includes the (i) free-rider effects, (ii) resolution of technological or market uncertainty (iii) shift in technology or customer needs, and (iv) incumbent inertia. Late-mover could have advantage in free-rider effect, as late-mover can imitate where first mover innovate. They can imitate in various part involving the Research and Development (RD), buyer education and infrastructure development. As consequences, they have advantage in cost reduction as imitation is less costly when compared to innovation cost. This ability to imitate then, leads to could reduction of the profitability to first-mover. Resolution of technological or market uncertainty is also one of the advantage of late mover. How late-mover can benefit from this factor is by being late to enter a certain unknown market. This will reduce the risky selection of market, as being first in the unknown market, will serve many challenges and risk to be overcome. As late-mover could delay their time to enter unknown market, they could avoid any unwelcome problem or issues. Shifts in technology or changing in customers need also affect the first-mover and this will be taken advantage by late-mover. Marvin B. Lieberman and David B. Montgomery in their journal has review many literature on how shift in technology or changing customer demand can cause advantage to the late-entrants, which relate to creative destruction model introduced by Schumpt (Schumpter, 1961)er (1961). Through creative destruction model, existing product were said to be obsolete by the emergence of innovation of new firms. This late-entrant then will exploit technological discontinuity which by eliminating and replacing existing incumbent. While customers need something new and this will create dynamic condition. This will create loophole where late-mover could take advantage, unless the first-mover are very fast to alert and respond. While in incumbent inertia, late-mover could be in advantage as late-mover can evade from being locked in specific set of asset. First-mover disadvantage in incumbent inertia also could probably become organizationally inflexible, thus they cannot respond to environmental changes or competitive threats. (Montgomery, 1988) Reviewing from marketing perspective, late mover could be seen as having the potential to leapfrog those first movers at least in two ways either by beating them in their own game, or secondly by surpassing them using innovation as the tool. In term of beating first movers in their own game, late movers approach could start by providing consumers preferences in the category of product positioned by first mover. This could be the source and anchor for competition to start, hence late movers could take the opportunity to see any gap, overlooked superior product positioned, compete on price, or even could take the action to flood the market hence liquefy first mover’s distribution. Whereas, in term of innovation, late mover could innovated their products or strategy, hence could bring the competition between late entrants and first mover come to intense, providing late entrants to surpass first mover. (Venkatesh Shankar, Gregory S. Carpenter and Lakshman Krishnamurthi, 1998). Moreover, study conducted by Venkatesh Shankar, Gregory S. Carpenter and Lakshman Krishnamurthi, 1998 shows that innovation lead to the key of late mover advantage when compared to first movers entrants. First mover or also known as pioneer has the advantage in experiencing higher potential market compare to those late mover. Furthermore, the diffusion and marketing mix effectiveness are unaffected by diffusion of non-innovative late entrants. However, when compared with that late mover with innovative, which is stated as innovative late mover, even higher market potential could be achieved with higher repeat purchase rate compared to first mover. Moreover, innovative late mover claimed to create asymmetry in diffusion as it has unequal response to marketing expenditure, market potential and repeat sales. For example, when first mover’s diffusion take place, consumers will shift to the late-mover products does not affected much due to market shares potential and also consumers preferences towards late mover still strong. However, when innovative late-mover diffuse, they will diffuse faster as they had the more superior innovation and lower price compare to the first-mover. In term of brand growth, pioneer will have to spend a lot of advertising cost, as to create awareness of brand for product and the product category. However, late-mover does not have to prepare such cost, or in other words they could enjoy less expenditure on creating awareness, but only focus on developing brand awareness and could depend on the first-mover to establish the category. They also find the implication of late-mover if, late-mover could not beat first-mover in their own game, which cannot defeat first-mover’s diffusions or marketing strategy, which in turn will cause late-mover will experience low repeats rates and also less effective marketing plan, another way of how late-mover could be in advantage should be discovered. In this situation, what late-mover could do is to lower the price, and spend more on marketing mix. However, it is effective for late-mover to refine their product in which category in compete with the first-mover in order to beat and compete more intensely. (Venkatesh Shankar, 1998). Conclusion In conclusion, being first-mover and late-mover has their own disadvantages and advantages. Thus, in order to implement an entry strategy, the requirement and deep understanding of each firm’s SWOT and the market where they would like to enter is required. To become first-mover in an industry, a firm should possess technological leadership, preemption of asset and also buyer switching cost. In order to maintain first-mover advantage to be sustainable, first-mover should be one step ahead of competitior or late-mover so that learning curve could be made exclusive hence slowing down the innovation process diffusion by the late-mover. In the other side, late-mover could have the advantage in term of free-rider effect, which focuses on imitation or refining of the first-mover product category. However, late mover must be aware that if first-mover is very fast in product innovation and development, hence slowing down product diffusion in the market, focus on quality and pricing cou ld be made. Finally, to choose either first-mover or late-mover is the best strategy is depending on the requirement, circumstances, market condition, assets and also firm’s capacity and capability. References Joseph G. Nellis, D. P. (1997). The Essence of Business Economics. New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. Malik, T. (2012). First-Mover, Strategic Alliances and performance: Context of turmoil in China. Chinese Management Study, 647-667. Montgomery, M. B. (1988). First-Mover Advantage. Strategic Management Journal, 41-58. Schumpter, J. (1961). The Theory of Economic Development. New York: Oxford University Press. Thomas Cleff, K. R. (2012). Are there any first-mover for pioneering firms? Lead market oriented business strategies for environmental innovation. European Journal of Innovation, 1460-1060.

Restorative Justice and Restitution Essay

Restorative Justice and Restitution Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Morals and values are considered to be the same to majority of the people in the society. Values or ethics, however is considered to be the standards that are set within a society and portrays how the views of other people can be considered to be right or wrong, either at the workplace, in the social circles or even nationally (Van Ness, & Strong, 2013). Morals on the other hand are considered to be independent to every individual since they originate from matters of belief, choices and religion. Morals deal with the making of either right or wrong, fair or unfair decisions, honest or dishonest choices that have a direct impact on the religion or belief of an individual (Zehr, 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The theories of morality that play a role in this case include the theory of utilitariansm, whereby it is considered to be morally good for the majority (Zehr, Mika, & Umbreit, 1997). The other theory is the theory of moral courage, which is considered to be to be the main pillar of ethics. Moral courage requires that one makes steadfast commitment to principles that are ethical and fundamental despite facing issues such as potential risks, shame, loss of reputation, isolation, emotional anxiety, retaliation and even loss of employment (Umbreit, 1989). Tough and morally right decisions have to be made despite the consequences.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The concept of restorative justice and restitution is an approach that is mainly focused on the various needs that victims of crime and the offenders have as well as the community within which people live in (Zehr, 2002). The aim and purpose of restorative justice and restitution is not just to satisfy the principles of the legal process or punishment to the offender but to satisfy the needs of the offenders as well as that of the victims (Van Ness, & Strong, 2013). The restorative justice and restitution is based on the theory of justice. This theory simply considers wrongdoing and crime as an offense that is committed against a community and an individual and not the state (Zehr, 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The legal process, as much as its purpose is to serve justice where it is due, does not aim at increasing animosity and hatred in the society and hence the reason for restorative justice and restitution. It is important for people to live in harmony and get along (Zehr, Mika, & Umbreit, 1997). The process that is involved in restorative justice does not aim at benefiting the offender but to bring people together, the victims as well as the offenders and find peace and harmony in the society. Everyone in the society should be ready to support a process that encourages harmony and nit promote hatred and animosity hence restorative justice and restitution plays a major role in building a better society for the future (Umbreit, 1989).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The ethical issues that are related to the concept of restorative justice and restitution include the issue of forgiveness between the people that have been affected by the actions of the offender (Zehr, 2002). Another ethical issue that is involved with regard to restorative justice and restitution is that a crime is not committed against the state but rather against the victims and the society (Van Ness, & Strong, 2013). The needs in addition to the issues that the victims have as well as the offenders need to be considered to promote harmony in the society. The other ethical issue to be considered under restorative justice is whether offenders should be given a second chance in the society and allowed to make things right with the victims of their offenses (Umbreit, 1989).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Restorative justice also has its implications in the long run. The implications of restorative justice and restitution include increased accountability in the society; restoration and improvement of relationships in the society hence reduce chances of future offenses in terms of retaliations and revenge (Zehr, 2002). Furthermore, restorative justice has the implication of restoring trust and helping in the growth of long term relationships in the community and between the people involved in the whole process (Umbreit, 1989). Long-term safety and building of confidence is also another implication of restorative justice that will be achieved.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The approach that will be suitable in reaching the decision on whether to meet the convicted murder would be through counselling sessions for the family members and through seeking of information from people or families that have had an experience with restorative justice (Van Ness, & Strong, 2013). The needs and concerns of each family member will need to be addressed and find out their views about the meeting and what they would want done differently. Counselling sessions for the family members will help build their confidence and gradually acceptance of the loss of the loved one (Zehr, 2002). After the counselling sessions, regular meetings should be conducted with the family members to discuss on whether to allow for the meeting or to refuse the meeting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The steps to undertake in approaching the decision making process will involve calling for a family meeting whereby all members should be present. Every family member is to be given a chance to air their views and their opinions based on the theory of moral courage and virtues (Umbreit, 1989). After the family meeting, it would be important to contact the member of the Victim’s Group and discuss the conditions under which the meeting would be held if it will take place and establish the final motive why the convict wants the meeting (Zehr, Mika, & Umbreit, 1997). After that, have another family meeting and analyze the findings based on moral values and in the spirit of restorative justice (Zehr, 2002). This will lead to a decision of meeting the convict since the benefits of the meeting outweigh lack of the meeting. The possible questions would only be two main questions and that includes: What exactly led the convict to commit the crime and did the victim deserve to die in such a manner? What would the convict have done if his situation was reversed?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Restorative justice and restitution is beneficial in the society and helps in avoiding continued criminality within a society. However, it should not be over exercised since criminals may tend to take advantage of the same to continue committing heinous crimes. The full force of the law should also play a major role in curbing crimes in the society. References Umbreit, M. S. (1989). Crime victims seeking fairness, not revenge: Toward restorative justice. Fed. Probation, 53, 52. Umbreit, M. S., Coates, R. B., & Kalanj, B. (1994). Victim meets offender: The impact of restorative justice and mediation (pp. 53-64). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press. Van Ness, D. W., & Strong, K. H. (2013). Restoring justice: An introduction to restorative justice. Newnes. Zehr, H. (2002). The little book of restorative justice. Intercourse, PA: Good books. Zehr, H., Mika, H., & Umbreit, M. (1997). Restorative justice: The concept. Corrections Today, 59, 68-71. Source document